Transformational, Transactional and Laissez faire Leadership

Transformational, Transactional and Laissez faire Leadership Human services associations these days are confronting numerous mind boggling issues that influence theirs prosperity like giving best medicinal services inside moderate expense and staff maintenance. Absence of occupation fulfillment among medical caretakers and increment the pace of staff non-appearance and turnover, consider other basic issues that have incredible effect on the association continuation. Those difficulties need solid and steady pioneer who embrace a compelling initiative style to mange and over come them. Authority style influences the turn of events and representatives duty (Spinelli, 2006). Numerous researchers and scientists are intrigued these days with regards to initiative and the board field. Initiative characterize as the way toward inspiring individuals to cooperate cooperatively to achieve extraordinary things or the ability to impact others. Compelling pioneer help to expand the adherents responsibility and enthusiasm for the association objectives Different authority hypotheses and styles were tried to consider their viability. Early investigations and explores in administration depended on conviction that the pioneer ought to have or brought into the world with explicit general individual quality and he the ones who for the most part set the principles and the obligations and the adherent achieve them. However, with the time, the estimation of the coordinated effort and cooperation increment particularly in the social insurance setting diverse which lead to contemporary speculations to develop. Contemporary hypotheses consider that viable initiative is a sure aptitudes that can be instructed, prepared or received by the pioneer. In this paper we will analyze between three contemporary administration speculations: The transformational, value-based and the free enterprise initiative what they mean and which one is increasingly successful (Vroom Jago, 2007). Value-based Leadership Style Consumes (1979) built up the transformational and value-based authority hypotheses and later Bass (1985) applied them to examine their adequacy in the associations (Spinelli, 2006).Transactional administration is a trade procedure that recognizes needs of representatives and gives awards to address those issues as a byproduct of anticipated execution. A value-based authority style consider as substitution of the dictatorial initiative in light of the fact that them two create a degree of consistency and request. The value-based authority is increasingly reasonable in nature as a result of its accentuation on meeting explicit targets or goals and concentrated more on regular schedule task. Subordinates of value-based pioneers are not expected to be inventively in light of the fact that they are observed and assessed based on foreordained models (Aarons, 2006). Consumes (1978) accepted that value-based initiative depends on bureaucratic power. Value-based pioneers center around work measures, assignments and undertaking focused objectives. Furthermore, he accepted that value-based pioneers will in general spotlight on task fulfillment and representative consistence. Those pioneers impact worker execution by utilizing the hierarchical prizes and disciplines. The value-based pioneer depicted likewise, as an operator of progress and objective setter; a pioneer that functions admirably with workers bringing about upgrades in efficiency (Emery, College, Barker, Fredonia, 2007). Bass and Avolio (1987) value-based authority can be partitioned to there model: uninvolved, dynamic and unexpected. Latent value-based initiative or the executives by special case (MBE) implies that status will stay as its except if things turn out badly, for this situation head rehearsing aloof administration by-exemption will take activities that frequently have a negative ramifications. dynamic value-based authority includes a communication among pioneer and supporter that pressure more on an increasingly positive trade; for instance, giving fitting prizes when adherents meet destinations. Through that the pioneer will underscores on worthy achievements and increment the adherents inspiration. At long last unforeseen style is the place the pioneer concentrated on explaining the standards and necessities for the supporters and afterward compensates them due to satisfying the commitments (Murphy, 2005). Transformational Leadership Style The transformational initiative hypothesis is a helpful, process-centered systems administration where the pioneer spurs his adherents to make, rouse and impacts changes in them. Pioneer of this style go about as good example for his supporters, go to their necessities and include them in the dynamic procedure. The central matter in this hypothesis is to urge the devotees to perform to their full limit and meet the desires. Transformational Leader need to have a base of exchange characteristics to set up his style effectively. Transformational administration is anything but a substitute for value-based initiative, yet it creates and upgrades it (Tomey, 2004). The transformational and value-based authority comprising of seven dimensions.(Bass, 1985; Avolio, Bass Jung, 1999) built up an instrument that incorporate every one of those seven measurements and used to quantify the segments of value-based, transformational initiative and free enterprise administration styles. This instrument, called the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Gumusluoglu, Ilsev, 2009). Transformational administration is estimated by four measurements: romanticized impact, moving inspiration, scholarly incitement and individualized thought. In Idealized impact the pioneer makes the best choice, accept dangers and go about as good example for his supporters which make him trusted and regarded from his adherents. . Motivationally persuading pioneers has exclusive requirements and they are attempting to move and rationale their adherents by changing their musings to accomplish their pioneers dreams and desires. Scholarly incitement includes giving a strong domain in the work which will urge the representatives to be increasingly inventive, tolerating testing errands and include in choices making process. At long last, an independently obliging pioneer regards every representative as a one of a kind individual as for their disparities, invests energy instructing workers and value their accomplishments with proceeds with feed backing. (Arnold, Turner, Barling, Kelloway, McKee, (2007). Free enterprise Leadership Style Free enterprise administration can be portrayed as a nondirective, aloof and inert style. Pioneers of this style accept that inside drives and accepts inspire the supporter to act .The pioneer in this style sets scarcely any guidelines for preparing the issues in the association and afterward designates them to the subordinates. The pioneer has to know very well the degree of information, ability and uprightness of his devotees to have the option to assign the undertakings. This style causes the devotee to contribute their gifts and capacities to the most extreme. Its progressively successful whenever utilized with develop and self-sufficient workers, yet for the most part it not powerful or profitable style. The dangers here emerge when the pioneer mixed up in picking the appropriate worker to achieved the appointed undertakings. Absence of clear vision and bearing for the association lead the supporters to receive various objectives and goal, increment the feeling of anxiety among the devotees and diminishing the efficiency and the quality. Free enterprise pioneer don't impact the association culture because of insignificant cooperations among him and his adherents. At last Laissez-Faire initiative style basically can be utilized in independent company not for huge associations like wellbeing associations (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2004). The Effectiveness of Transformational, Transactionalâ and Laissez-Faire Leadership Numerous investigates and studies done to test the viability and the outcomes of embracing distinctive administration styles on the worker and the association itself. For instance, an investigation done in 2008 incorporate of 447 staff working in a consideration place for the older in huge Danish neighborhood government. This examination utilized a longitudinal review plan and polls. Transformational specialists here were trying three theories one of them is the immediate connection among authority and prosperity in the devotees. The examination indicated that the there is a solid connection between utilizing the pioneer the transformational administration style in managing his representatives and their prosperity and diminishing their degree of the work pressure (Gumusluoglu et al., 2009). Other investigation done by Berson and Linton in 2005 presume that the pioneer who follows the transformational initiative style in managing his workers will assist them with being progressively i nventive and eager, increment their dedication in the activity In 2006, an examination done that include subordinate chiefs from five emergency clinics in northeastern Pennsylvania.101 studies were been circulated in five medical clinics in northeastern Pennsylvania .The study instrument utilized was the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) that created by Bernard Bass and Bruce Avolio (1997). The researchers need here to test the connection between the transformational, value-based and free enterprise administration styles of social insurance CEOs and their subordinate directors fulfillment with them, their ability to apply additional exertion, and view of their pioneers viability. The examination indicated that the more CEOs followed the free enterprise style in managing their subordinate chiefs, the lesser subordinate supervisors detailed applying additional exertion and communicated fulfillment with the pioneer, and distrusted in the productivity of their pioneer (Spinelli, 2006). Representative occupation fulfillment is regularly comprising of the accompanying components: the activity itself, boss relationship, the executives convictions, future chance, workplace, pay/benefits/prizes, and associate connections. As per Morriss research, worker work fulfillment is a basic factor in the fulfillment of the clients. In an investigation of consumer loyalty at a significant Midwestern clinic, the relationship between's the attendants jobâ satisfaction and the patients eagerness to suggest the unit was .85, in a similar report the medical caretakers them

Sexually Transmitted Infections And Disease Essays -

Explicitly Transmitted Infections And Disease Explicitly Transmitted Infections and Disease There are numerous explicitly transmitted contaminations and malady. This is likewise called STIs and STDs. A significant number of these contaminations and ailments are dangerous. For a model AID and HIV are explicitly transmitted sicknesses. HIV and AID is an infection not microscopic organisms. These ailments are savage and they execute off the helping T cells. Immune system microorganisms are enemies of microscopic organisms that fend off microbes and other hurtful cells. HIV and AID assault the safe framework in your body. Your body gets more vulnerable and more fragile as your T cells are getting assault by the infection. Another STDs are herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis. How this infection is transmitted is by sexual contact and by open injuries. Having sex with an accomplice is one of the methods of getting the infection. Another approach to get the infection is by oral sex. At the point when the mouth reaches the private zone the infection can be transmitted through the spit and on the off chance that the mouth has a cut or a rankle, at that point the infection enters the injury. Herpes is another sort of STD. The side effects of herpes are tingling; little liquid filled rankles break to leave pitted regions encompassed by irritation, fever, and urethral release. Gonorrhea for ladies has copying pee, vaginal release, and difficult intercourse. Gonorrhea for men likewise has copying pee and urethral release. In the two people the throat and rectal disease is normal. Syphilis has three phases of manifestations. The principal stage is the essential with at least one raised, open sores at purpose of contamination. The subsequent stage is the variable rash, oral and genital sores, falling hair, and general throbbing. The third stage for syphilis is paresis. A significant number of these explicitly transmitted contamination and ailments are risky. Human Sexuality

Helpful Tips for Overcoming a Fear of Panic Attacks

Helpful Tips for Overcoming a Fear of Panic Attacks Panic Disorder Coping Print How to Overcome Your Fear of Panic Attacks By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 30, 2019 Justin Richey/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Cycle of Fear/Panic Attacks Overcoming Fear of Attacks Keep Practicing View All Back To Top The good news about panic attacks, the sudden surge of anxiety and overwhelming fear that occurs for no obvious reason, is that they usually only last about 10 minutes. The bad news: They can be some of the most terrifying minutes of your life. As a result, many panic attack sufferers start to live in fearful anticipation of future attacks, which can exact a huge physical and emotional toll. But by developing coping skills, most people who have panic attacks are able to manage their symptoms.   The Cycle of Fear and Panic Attacks Panic attacks are typically experienced through a combination of uncomfortable physical symptoms, distressful emotions, and upsetting thoughts. Physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, sweating and shaking, usually mark the beginning of a panic attack. These symptoms typically trigger fearful thoughts and emotions, which in turn can intensify your feelings of anxiety. For example, you may start to notice unpleasant physical sensations, such as chest pain or trembling, which elicits a sense of uneasiness. You then start to perceive these physical feelings as a danger or threat and you may then react with fear-based thoughts such as, “I cannot control myself,” Im going to have a heart attack,” or “Im going insane.” As fear escalates, symptoms may also rise. Even though panic attacks usually subside within about 10 minutes, a heightened sense of anxiety and uneasiness can stay with you for hours after an attack. Given how frightening these symptoms can be, its not uncommon for panic attack sufferers to begin to fear the onset of future attacks. People with panic disorder often change their behaviors in response to a fear of panic attacks. For instance, you may avoid certain places or situations that you believe can trigger another attack. Unfortunately, avoidance behaviors only ease anxiety in the short run and often lead to more long-lasting fears. This creates a cycle of fear and avoidance that can greatly limit and negatively impact your overall functioning. Put an End to Panic-Related Avoidance Tips for Overcoming a Fear of Panic Attacks As with many aspects of life, the unknown can seem scary or intimidating. But the less you fear panic attacks, the less likely you are to have them. These tips can help you gain control: Educate Yourself A lack of information and understanding may be whats contributing to your fear of panic attacks. The first step in getting past your feelings of fear and apprehension is to gain a better understanding of your symptoms.   Having more information about panic attacks may help you know what to expect during an attack and feel less afraid of your symptoms. 5 Surprising Facts About Panic Disorder Accept Your Panic Attacks Once you understand more about your symptoms, the next step is to acknowledge and accept your panic attacks. This is certainly easier said than done, but resisting your symptoms can often lead to increased feelings of fear and anxiety. Think about your last experience with a panic attack and notice how your feelings of fear and nervousness played a role in escalating your symptoms. By altering your perception of your panic attacks, you may be better able to cope with them. Change Your Response After youve begun to accept your panic attacks, you can start to change the way you respond to them. For example, instead of reacting to physical symptoms with nerve-racking thoughts such as “I’m losing control,” you can learn to respond to the symptoms with increased calm and clarity. Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, mindfulness meditation, or yoga, can be practiced to help you get in touch with your relaxation response. Repeating positive affirmations such as, “Despite my anxiety, I accept myself,” can also help in getting past fear. By working on changing how you react, you can start to remain in control during panic attacks. Remember the 3 A's The next time you have a panic attack, remember the three A’s: acknowledge, accept, and alternative response. This will help change the way you react to symptoms, help you get through panic attacks with less fear, and ultimately, help you overcome your fear of panic attacks:Acknowledge: The next time you notice increased anxiety or panic symptoms, simply pause and take a breath. Take this moment to recognize that you are experiencing heightened panic and anxiety. This simple act of acknowledging your symptoms at the start of a panic attack can give you a sense of power over your fears.Accept:  Rather than trying to run away from or resist your symptoms, come to terms with the fact that you are having a panic attack. Acceptance doesnt mean that youre giving in to panic, but it can provide you with the clarity needed to get through panic attacks.Alternative response:  If during an attack you start to react with fear or a need to flee, remind yourself that these are simply symptoms of a panic attack and they will soon subside. When frightening thoughts such as “Im going to lose my mind” arise, try to shift this perception by repeating to yourself, “These feelings will pass.” Keep Practicing By choosing to view your panic attack symptoms differently, you may be able to overcome your fear of them. Keep in mind that this process may take time. Its okay if you don’t always react the way youd like. You can learn from your setbacks and use that knowledge going forward to help you make it through the next attack. Keep trying, and over time you may find that youre feeling more in control of your panic attacks. How the Symptoms of Panic Attacks Can Be Managed A Word From Verywell If you experience panic attacks, your first step should be to see your doctor. Panic attacks are the most prominent symptom of panic disorder, a type of anxiety disorder, but these attacks are also often associated with other mental health and medical conditions. If you are diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, rest assured that not only are they extremely common (theyre the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 18 percent of the population), theyre also highly treatable. But its important to get help early since anxiety can be harder to treat if you wait. Find Help From These Online Anxiety Support Groups

The Danger of Knowledge in Frankenstein - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1058 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? Knowledge, by definition, is the fact or condition of having information or of being learned (Merriam-Webster). Children and adults alike are always looking for more knowledge and to learn more about the world around them. It is always seen as something positive because who does not want to learn something? This point can be proven wrong. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Danger of Knowledge in Frankenstein" essay for you Create order Knowledge can be negative because a person might learn unjust or immoral things. One example of such invalidation is Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, knowledge can be seen as a source of danger because characters fall victim to the pursuit of it which in the end causes harm to themselves and people that the love. Knowledge starts from childhood and in Frankenstein Walton and Frankenstein were brought up similarly concerning their education. According to Walton, his education was neglected, yet I was passionately fond of reading (Shelley 28). Through this, the audience knows that Waltons education from the start was not looked upon well. In context with the rest of the letter, it is shows that his Father did not care about what he wanted and did not let him learn what he longed for. In a similar way, Frankenstein says the cursory glance of my father had taken of my volume had no means assured me that he was acquainted with its contents; and I continued to read with greatest avidity (Shelley 46). Victor, similar to Walton, was looked down upon about his learning choices. Nevertheless, he continues to just learn what he wants and pursues what he is interested in. Unlike Frankenstein and Walton, the Creature was brought up in an unconventional education, self-education. Walton and Frankenstein had materials and family to turn to when they were children and still learning. In contrast, the Creature learned the science of letters as it was taught to the stranger (Shelley 108). He had to learn simple things like the alphabet from scratch because he never knew anything. Through this one page, the Creature learns about politics, mannerisms, and religions of many nations. Frankenstein and Walton use their knowledge in a perversely but the creature reads as a method of self-examination and definition, as a way of making sense of himself and his experience of the world. (Englert). In her article, Englert proves the Creature has learned for different reasons. He does not try to learn more about something he is personally interested in. He learns to assimilate and become one with the surrounding people. Knowledge isnt just something for him to learn, but it is a way to learn how to live in harmony with others. This knowledge, in the end, does him more harm than good. Through the novel Victors journey progresses and slowly his pure intentions for knowledge soon turn impure and he falls to the lust of knowledge. While in Ingolstadt, Victor clung to the hope which the next day or the next hour might realise (Shelley 57). He clung to the hope that his work would succeed after countless times of failure. During his study time he became like a hermit, secluded and obsessed with his work. Slowly he grew stir-crazy and threw himself into his work hoping he would discover how life was discovered. According to Virginia Brackett in her article Frankenstein, Victor has forgotten the value of education, instead turning to his obsessions and gaining only perversion through his knowledge (Brackett, 2012). He lost the true reason to his research and instead his knowledge grew perverse. This perversion created the Creature and eventually he will be surrounded by the loss of all his loved ones. Unlike Victor, the Creature did not fall off the path of knowledge, but knowledge is the things that caused him to start killing. He learns more about the world and himself. He says I tried to dispel them, but sorrow only increased with knowledge (Shelley 109). This quote comes after the monster reflects upon himself. His self-reflections are very negative, and his sadness grows as he sees what a wretched outcast (Shelley 117) he was. This self-loathing can drive anyone mad and indeed it turned the Creature mad. Through his new knowledge from Paradise Lost, his painful experiences force him to recognize Satan as a fitter emblem of [his] condition. The creature finds selfhood and purpose in a plan of eternal hatred and revenge (Englert 2010). The Creature reads this book and relates himself to pure evil. This relation is the one that drives his plan for revenge, which is hurting all of his creators loved ones. This is the purest example of a character falling off the path of knowledge and turning to a primal like thing. With Walton, his case in similar to Victors in which he has isolated himself and is in pursuit of learning new things, but he does not fully fall off the path. His pursuit is to find new land and in doing so isolates himself, like Victor. He preferred glory to every enticement that wealth places in my path. In context this means that glory is above anything else someone can offer. He is revealed to be quite ambitious like Frankenstein. In John R. Reeds Will and Fate in Frankenstein, he points out that Walton was an example of an ordinary man possessed by a humanly extreme objective (Reed 1980). Reed points out that Walton was driven by a worldly want and did not think about his own source of suffering: isolation. On his journey he has no friend (Shelley 30). He has one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy (Shelley 30) and that one want is a friend. His crew are the only people there but they just are not enough since they will not understand his pursuit for glory. Through the novel, Victor sees his loved ones and his life crash before him and through these tragedies he grew vengeful quite similar to the Creature. After all his loved ones have died Victor hurried away by fury; revenge alone endowed me with strength and composure (Shelley 172) goes to his loved ones graves and he is upset that they are dead and he lives. Although Victor did degenerate into a vengeful man, he did grow as a person from the beginning of the novel. Through the loss of his loved ones, Victor shows that he has learned from his mistakes and that knowledge was his true demise.

Essay on The Audience and Writing - 1047 Words

The Audience and Writing Audience. Just one word yet it stirs frighteningly confusing images of perplexing thoughts in my mind. The word alone is strange, but when put in context of an essay it leaves me baffled and frustrated[d1] . The questions; â€Å"What is Audience?† â€Å"Why do I need it?† and, â€Å"What purpose does it serve?† are important to my finally some day understanding the concept of Audience, but at this point I can’t answer them fully[d2] . I can grasp the understanding of all the other aspects of writing an essay, although I may not incorporate them well in my paper at least I see why they are important. Audience, to me, is not so easy to understand. After reading The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing and the†¦show more content†¦The previous papers I have written have all been directed at a fairly large to vast Audience. This has been due in part to my unclear definition of what Audience was, and the importance of it. I still do not clearly see the value of a well cut clear Audience, to me one can write a very good essay with definition, character, clear thesis, high tension, and good flow with no clear Audience in mind, take the famous Stephen King and Dean Koonz[d8] . The first two assignments I wrote for W131 I did with that in mind, I didn’t think that Audience was that important and didn’t take it to seriously[d9] . I thought that Audience would become clear as I wrote my paper, and wasn’t concerned with keeping it in mind as I wrote. When writing Assignment one I kept the goals for the paper in mind as I wrote, but really just sat down at my computer and began to write as I thought about the topic I was wrestling with[d10] . The end result to my paper was a well written paper on an unclear subject that left the reader wondering why they bothered to read it in the first place. There was no direction to my paper, there was a vagueness I couldn’t shake from it[d11] . Disturbed by my end result I moved on to Assignment two with the results from Assignment one in mind. When writing Assignment two I still was not thinking in terms of Audience, and because of that I ended up with a paper similar to my first one. Aft er realizing my successShow MoreRelatedWhy Audience Is Important For Writing A Paper Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pages Many people struggle with writing a paper because they do not know how to make their paper appealing to the audience. If you don t know who the audience is it can lead to many disadvantages because you would have a lot of criticism.Also, your paper wouldnt be interesting to someone who doesn’t know much about the topic. The audience is the most important thing to worry about in writing. Sometimes you forget that you’re writing not only for your benefits but also the reader s benefits tooRead MoreWriting Process : Analyzing Your Audience1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Writing Process The first thing to do in the writing process is to select a topic and do research on that topic. Once you’ve selected a topic and have done enough research to tentatively commit yourself, you can then go into the four phases of the writing process; I. Prewriting: Analyzing your audience, determining your purpose in writing, limiting the scope of what you will cover, and generating potential content. II. Drafting: Making a case and structuring your evidence for that case. IIIRead MoreWriting Style Fit For All Audiences1291 Words   |  6 Pages Molding A Writing Style Fit For All Audiences My goal is to learn how to make my writing flexible to satisfy different groups while keeping it on point. When looking at my current work and self reflecting I quickly recognized that my writing was sloppy and liberal. Why are my writings producing these kind of results? I formed a conclusion that my High School teachers were to blame. I was so stuck on robotically writing summaries for teachers, including English teachers, that I rarely hadRead MoreEssay On Different Styles Of Writing To Different Audience890 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent Styles of Writing and Appealing to Different Audiences The years a child spends in elementary are crucial because their teachers will essentially lay down the foundation for learning, as well as stimulate an interest in growing knowledge. The various subjects students are taught include math, science, English language arts, and history. However, within those subjects, there are skills that students need to learn and master so they can be efficient learners. Each subject contains its challengesRead MoreThe Effects Of Audience On Writing : Nella Larsen s Choices895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Audience on Writing: Nella Larsen’s Choices in Passing and Their Effect Many authors, in both general literature and Black artists alike have many questions when crafting their arguments and stories. Why am I writing this? What am I hoping to accomplish from writing? And most importantly, Who am I writing for? When it comes down to who a writer’s intended audience is, it comes across as one of the most vital questions one can ask. With audience choice comes a plethora of other choiceRead MoreThe And Writing Of An Audience By Linda Flower, Getting Started By Anne Lamott914 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 2 defined three stages in the writing process which are Writing for an Audience by Linda Flower, Getting Started by Anne Lamott, and Writing to Change the World by Mary Pipher which are all important articles as narrated by each author. After I have read all these three steps, I chose getting started in writing as the most important stage and I will show you the readers how I came about this statement through Anne Lamott’s article. Lamott provided knowledge, references and experiencesRead MoreCreative Writing1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Creative Writing versus Technical Writing† It is often difficult to distinguish the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing. Writing is writing and good writing is creative writing. If we accept, however, that Technical Writing exists in its own category, with Creative Writing in another, how can we categorize creative Technical writing? One way to explore the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing is to analyzeRead MoreAnalysis Of Inventing The University By David Bartholomae1140 Words   |  5 Pageswriters are lacking in writing effectively for an academic community. He compares and contrasts the differences between a mater writer and a basic writer. It shows how an expert writer keeps the audience in mind and a struggling writer does not. Bartholomae says that writers in college need to learn to â€Å"invent the university† which means they adapt their writing to writing and speak the ideas of an academic setting. Some students may fin d it hard to develop these new ways of writing and speaking in anRead MoreArgumentative Writing : Persuasive And Persuasive896 Words   |  4 Pagespersuasion writing is to conquer or win over your audience while the goal of argumentative writing is to â€Å"convince by demonstrating the truth† (Barnet; Bedau, pg.71). Argumentative writing is defined as â€Å"a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.† There are many different literary components that contribute to a strong argumentative writing. Good argumentative writing must includeRead MoreThere Are Numerous Differences Between Workplace Writing999 Words   |  4 PagesThere are numerous differences between workplace writing and college level essays. When writing a workplace memo, the main objective is to create an effective document designed to communicate and share relevant information to organizational members in a simplified and effective language that is detailed enough to inform and address the different needs and issues for the intended audience. When writing a college essay, the goal is to prove to the audience, usually the professor, a mastered understanding

The Benefits of Thesis Proposal

The Benefits of Thesis Proposal In many instances, the structure of the thesis proposal will be contingent on the topic matter of the thesis and your region of study. There are particular reasons why a thesis proposal is essential to be made aside from the simple fact it is mostly included in the requirements of producing a research paper. It is important to be created as it is a way for the people who will assess your research topic or subject to understand how you would like your study to further develop. It is a short document that explains what the thesis you want to write will be about, what type of research you would do to write it, and what sort of problem you are attempting to solve by writing it. Thesis Proposal Secrets That No One Else Knows About Little comprehension of English can also ensure it is difficult that you develop a thesis topic. Writing a thesis involves various measures to make sure the author is doing the correct thing. At times, it's possible to c ompose the introduction first. It's profitable to learn tips about how to write effectively by reading sample introduction of thesis proposal on several different topics. A thesis proposal is a significant portion of the dissertation or thesis because every student must submit a review of the thesis. The sample statement of the issue in thesis proposal is believed to be the most important area of the paper. It's always recommended to talk with your professor to make sure you are employing the correct style. The student cannot assume that the committee will read or respond to any extra appendices. Thesis Proposal Usually, a scientific research proposal includes a concise introduction to the research topic, a literature review, and a methodology that will explain the way the student plans to fulfill the goals of the research. Thorough research and study are essential for a very good thesis topic. Furthermore, you need to let your research findings guide you. The researcher intends to recognize prospective schools that are found in the region of interest. Receive a sneak peek of the way in which a great doctoral proposal is written. It can be a bit confusing and frustrating especially when seeking to learn how to compile your research. When picking a topic, you should be sure to settle for something very specific. The candidate is expected to react in a scholarly approach to the advice given. In case the proposal is for external usage, you can incorporate payment terms for prospective clients to assess. Despite the fact that writing a proposal for the thesis is a hard undertaking, it is necessary to give it the very best attention and resources to acquire a great grade. From time to time, it's far better even consider it a couple of months ahead of your research class and do a few consultations with your preferred adviser along the way so that you'd be aware on whether the topic itself is feasible and whether you would have the opportunity to actually finish the proposal with the allotted moment. You should also pick a proposal that you are able to afford. If you do this, you will discover that your proposal wil l be exactly as long as it should be. Otherwise, the proposal is going to be declined. If you don't know how to design a dissertation proposal. You will also see differences in a research proposal template design when you're proposing diverse forms of research. The research proposal template is going to have an area at which you can place the title of the document. It's possible for you to use a research proposal example to assist in designing your own template. The proposal should provide operational definitions of each one of the study variables. The Argument About Thesis Proposal Below, you will locate a simple outline for your master thesis proposal and a number of recommendations regarding its format. PowerPoint show you are able to also contact our graphic designers. Besides familiarizing the salient qualities of a thesis proposal templates, it's also advisable to take note of writing principles and techniques that will be able to help you enhance the level of your proposals. The ideal way to collect an organized thesis proposal is to organize how you'll write it prior to getting started. The quantity of research that we put on your paper can't be questioned. One thing you ought to understand is that a superior thesis proposal example can enable you to compose a great piece for submission. One of the very first documents you will create is really a thesis proposal. The previous step in the procedure, Visualizing your finished publications, is most likely the most significant one in the 5-step procedure for writing a thesis proposal. Should you discover that the project isn't doable as you had outlined it in the proposal, that isn't a disaster. If you don't understand what Is in a design proposal or a research proposal, it's important that you refer to samples and templates that permit you to properly list down the information which you should include in the proposal you will make.

Self-Reflection on Leadership for Transformational -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theSelf-Reflection on Leadership for Transformational. Answer: Introduction Transformational servant leadership is an aspect that any organization needs in achieving its objectives. It denotes the ability of a leader or leadership to influence its subject to do what is more than required. Therefore, in this paper, I intend to answer various questions about this form of leadership. Transformational servant leadership I am convinced that this form of leadership inspires participation of its subject because it creates trust. I think this comes as a result of the leader perceived or being dependable, proficient to everyone (Northouse, 2015). They form the bases that make me believe of it inspiring participation by followers. In addition to that, this type of leadership is characterized by motivation. I believe that motivated workers are willing to participate in any undertaking. On the other hand, there are many ways that I can demonstrate this form of leadership in my organization. Firstly, I have to be willing to listen to every point of view and entertain new ideas. By so doing, it will demonstrate to everyone within my organization that I am prepared to include all points of view as long as they are constructive and aim at achieving the companys objective (Lussier, Achua, 2015). Another way of demonstrating this is by being visionary. I think it is important for me to have a vision on the direction of the company. Additionally, communicating effectively in a way that persuades my fellow workers to follow my vision is another way I can demonstrate the same within my organization. Lastly, I have to behave and talk in an inspiring manner. I firmly believe that I cannot be transformational and act as a servant leader in my organization if I do not inspire people. Service to Others I define service to others as the act of taking someones responsibility as your own or helping one for what is unable to achieve. Additionally, I think it can also be being available and willing to serve others. I can demonstrate this by helping others with their work, taking the initiative in helping others and also acting in a way that is welcoming to anyone faced with difficulties (Shapiro, Stefkovich, 2016). Decision making and self-empowerment To start with its definition, it involves making a person in control of himself or herself and having a feeling of making and taking responsibility. It encourages creativity and thinking among members (Bharadwaj et al., 2013). Decision-making process is necessary and can be grouped either individual or a group depending on the complexity and weight of the matter in any organization. Conclusion Thus, transformational and servant leadership is beneficial, and many aspects make me believe that it has the potential to make participation of followers. In my organization, I can demonstrate this leadership by being visionary, communicating well and inspiring others. Moreover, in the same organization, I can be of service to others by helping them achieve what they are incapable of or being available to offer them services. Lastly, I think empowerment is essential for the process of decision-making. References Bharadwaj, A., El Sawy, O. A., Pavlou, P. A., Venkatraman, N. V. (2013). Digital business strategy: toward a next generation of insights. Lussier, R. N., Achua, C. F. (2015). Leadership: Theory, application, skill development.Nelson Education. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Shapiro, J. P., Stefkovich, J. A. (2016). Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge.

The Glass Castle Character Change free essay sample

The Glass Castle In the autobiographical novel The Glass Castle by Jennette Walls, Jennette is a young girl growing up in a dysfunctional family full of hard circumstances and extreme poverty. Yet her experiences are still very exciting; having many adventures. Her father is an alcoholic, but when sober is expressive and brilliant, teaching Jennette and her two siblings Brian and Lori about the wonders of life. Jennette changes throughout her struggles from being a wondering naà ¯ve child, to becoming bitter towards her parents for the lifestyle they have put her in to finally developing into a resilient and independent young lady finally accepting her parents for who they are. In the beginning Jennette is a wide-eyed innocuous child who doesn’t realize that her family is different. She trusts her father with her whole being not understanding that his actions and drunkenness affect her. She is innocent and trusting, believing that the limited food, unstable homes and neglectful treatment is all an adventure. We will write a custom essay sample on The Glass Castle Character Change or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Here goes the adventure! I whispered †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ After a while it got cold and uncomfortable in the back of the dark U-Haul. Several hours passed. By then we were all dying to pee and wondering if dad was ever going to pull over.† (49) Every unusual thing her family does is treated like no big deal, and trusting Jennette believes it to be normal, part of everyday life. It takes the Walls’ move to Welsh to open Jennette’s eyes to her family’s irregularities and as a result of her realization, becomes independent. The Walls family is impoverished, living in a 3-room house with no electricity, running water or heat. Her father often doesn’t come home from drinking. Jennette gets a job and vows to leave Welch as soon as possible. She wants to get away from the parents she now resents. â€Å" I had almost $100 saved enough to get me out of there in under 5 months† (89) She takes initiative for her life and saves money to move away and make something of herself. Because of the trying physical and mental conditions she often had to endure she is now stronger as a person. Finally Jennette’s independence and resilience triumph and she moves to New York. She goes to college, acquires a job and has aspirations to become a writer. Because of all the  ordeals they put her through Jennette still resents her parents. One day she realizes: They couldn’t help the way they had raised her. One of the final struggles she has to overcome is the emotional one of watching her parents live by choice, homeless in New York. â€Å"Brian was right, they did have options† (190). She realizes that her parents lived the way they wanted to live their whole lives and if they wanted to change their lifestyle they could. As a result she manages to forgive her parents fully. Despite all of the trials Jennette Walls faces in her autobiography The Glass Castle, she develops in the face of the problems she has to endure. She goes from being an unknowing child, to starting to resent her parents and becoming independent. Finally she becomes completely resilient, managing to come to terms with who her parents are and forgive them.

How to Write a Literary Term Paper

How to Write a Literary Term Paper A literary term paper is a paper that focuses on analyzing a book, a poem, a short story, a play, or any other piece of writing. Such papers are most commonly necessary for English and literature classes, and they are used to show how much students understand from the literary works that they read during such classes. Literary term papers have varying lengths, tones, depth, and even research. This is why students are urged to obey the instructions as given to them by their teachers. The first step is to write a thesis statement, based on the instructions given by the teacher. The thesis statement should cover the overall idea as will be presented in the paper. It should be written using an argumentative tone. Literary term papers are written from a personal perspective. The thesis statement is not a summary of the story, and should not directly share what the story is all about. The thesis statement can be more than one sentence, but should be as instructed by the teacher. The second step is to write an outline of the paper, which should include an introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. In the introduction section, the writer should give introductory information about the topic that they are addressing. In the body section of the literary term paper, a writer should detail all key points of the topic under discussion. These points should be presented in an argumentative manner and should be backed by information from the article being analyzed. This is the section where a writer can show how much of the article they understand, and their personal views in relation to the article, as the topic requires. The final section is the conclusion where the writer should summarize information detailed in the paper, and make a few clarifications, if necessary. While writing, the writer should cite sources that they have used. Since literary papers are meant to analyze a given article, direct quotes are commonly used. The writer should, however, avoid using long quotes and make sure that the quotes used are properly cited within the text. Sections that the writer have paraphrased and summarized should also be cited, and all of these sources are to be included in the reference list at the end of the paper. Once the writer has finished writing the literary term paper, they should revise it thoroughly and make sure that they correct all grammatical errors and format the paper in accordance with the given instructions. There are formatting styles that are used to make papers more presentable when submitting. The writer should choose a formatting style or simply follow the one that is given in the instructions. Finally, the writer needs a reference list that should be set out in accordance with the required formatting style. If you need a custom literary term paper you can contact our professional term paper writing service which provides students with professional term paper writing assistance.

Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Advertising - Essay Example Advertising has changed over time, and advertising of the  present  time is not as the same what advertising used to be sixty years ago. In this paper, I will look at how the techniques used in advertising have changed over the years while some aspects still maintain the  appeal, as well as analyze how advertising works. The  gradual  technological advancement over the years has bought with it  modern  forms of advertising such as the use of the internet. However, in all the developing aspects of advertising media, there is still that appeal that advertisers use to get the attention of potential customers. According to  Fowles  (2011), advertisers usually  target  the  psychological  needs of consumers through their use of graphics and texts based on the emotional point of view. Advertisers take advantage of the fact that people have deep-lying desires and that individuals  privately  yearn for certain things to  present  their propositions in the most  appealing  ways. They do this by creating images in the minds of consumers about how  good  they will  feel  when they finally  satisfy  their  longing (Fowles, 2011). An advertisement contains a  combination  of both texts and graphics but in some cases, only texts or graphics. When there is the use of textual components in advertisement, one has to make sure that the words used  bring  out the message in the best way possible. Bovà ©e et al. (2009) suggest that the services of a copywriter, as unknown to many, are  extremely  crucial in the success of an advertisement. Copywriters know how to play around with words that capture the attention of  possible  buyers and promote the merits of products and services to the consumer. They combine the various aspects of textual components to make sure that when the advert is finally out, everything flows well, and the intended  message  is clear to all. Coming up with an effective

Debate .. Football industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Debate .. Football industry - Assignment Example Therefore, the paper will seek to emphasize what the football industry is worth and the factors that have made to be considered as getting out of control. It will also look at some of the measures that have been put in place to reduce hooliganism in the football industry. According to Batile et al (2014), the football industry is a profitable global sport that attracts revenue amounting to an excess of 5.4 billion Euros every year. Match day, commercial and broadcasting revenues are the major sources of income that most football clubs use to collect revenues on a day to day basis. Match day revenues are derived mainly from gate receipts paid by fans and spectators, memberships and season tickets. On the other hand, broadcasting revenues accrue from international and domestic competitions such as UEFA while commercial revenues are mostly gotten from merchandising and sponsorships. This means that in the process of determining profitable clubs, all these sources of revenue are accounted for. Based on these revenue models, Real Madrid has been rated the most profitable club in the world today for the ninth consecutive time (Mughal, 2014). It has total revenue of 518.9 million Euros, with match day collections of 119, commercial 183.3 while commercial ha ving revenues totaling to 211.6 million Euros. Moreover, by analyzing the revenue generated by other top clubs in the football industry such as FC Barcelona, Manchester United, Bayern Munich and arsenal, a clear picture of what the football industry is worth can be ascertained. FC Barcelona comes in second with total revenue amounting to 413.6 million sterling pounds. Broadcasting revenues accrued from domestic and international competitions were valued at 188.2 million Euros while commercial income totals to 176.8 million Euros (Mughal, 2014). Manchester United is

Comparison of US and Iraq Constitutions

Comparison of US and Iraq Constitutions A constitution can be defined as a laid down rules for the government which are time and again codified as a form of written manuscript that spells out and confines the functions and ability to exercise force of a political party (power). In the case of countries and sovereign regions of federal states the phrase refers exclusively to a constitution defining the core principles of politics, and instituting the configuration, procedures, (sociology)>powers and duties, of a government. Most constitutions guarantee rights to the people by limiting the governments own reach. We will be comparing and contrasting the American constitution against the Iraqi constitution. Both constitutions are codified. Under the patronage of a British military occupation in 1925, Iraqis first constitution entered into force which then formed a monarchy which remained in effect until in 1958, the revolution established a republic. Interim constitutions have been adopted over the years but a referendum t hat took place in 2005 approved the constitution currently being used by Iraqis. On the other hand the American constitution is considered foundation and basis of the legal right to exercise power over another (authority) essential to the existence of the United States of America and the federal government of the United States. It grants the framework for the institute of the United States government and for the rapport of the federal government to the states, to citizens, and to all people within the United States. Both constitutions empathize on democracy. The constitutions seek to protect the dignity and liberty of man. The constitutions forbid any kind of emotional, psychological, or physical torture. Both constitutions are mindful of the welfare and security of its people despite the freedom of communication the constitutions provide that the freedom can be breached by a judicial decision whenever it is a matter of national security. These affect the individual rights of the citizen. There is also freedom of worship in the constitutions although the Iraq constitution further states that Islam is the official language. According to the Iraqi constitution section three chapter articles 49 the council of representatives shall be elected and shall consist of a number of members at a ratio of one member per 100,000 Iraqi persons. These representatives shall be elected by a direct secret general ballot. The members are elected for a term of 4 years. The president is elected by the council of representatives by a two-thirds majority and is limited to 2 terms in office with a span of 4years in 1 term. The president of Iraq has two deputies with whom they form a presidency council. The presidency council appoints the prime minister of Iraq and cabinet ministers who must be approved by assembly. There should be two thirds majority for a president to be elected. The American constitution states that the president has all the executive power vested on him the president is the chief diplomat and the commander in chief of the armed forces. For a maximum of two four-year terms the president and vice-president ar e elected as running mates by the Electoral College for which each single state is allocated a number of seats based on its representation on the senate and House of Representatives whose members of both the houses are elected by the Americans. ÂÂ  The vice-president is second highest executive officer of the government. The vice-president is only allowed to vote in the senate to break a vote which is tied. The chief executive officer of the United States is the Secretary of State. The Secretary of state is appointed by the president and is the third highest ranking member of the government and they answer directly to the president. In the USA constitution the Supreme Court is the highest court of the land. The court is responsible for matters dealing with state disputes, and interpreting the constitution of the USA and overrules some legislations therefore creating precedents for future reference. The supreme and lower court justices are elected by the people while the rest ar e appointed since they are in the federal government. The Iraqi constitution provides that local court judges are appointed by the local authority, while the federal government appoints the supreme judges. Islam is also considered a source of legislation and the laws of administration circumscribe Shariah laws U.S. citizens have almost universal suffrage from the age of 18. The state governments have the utmost impact over most Americans’ day to day lives. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution warranties their broad-spectrum plenary powers, against the limited spell out powers possessed by the federal government; as a result, they handle the bulk of the issues most pertinent for most individuals within their jurisdiction. The governor is the highest elected official at each state is the governor. There is also an elected state legislature in each state except Nebraska (bicameralism), whose members represent the state voters. The town, city, or county boards are the institutions responsible for local governments. The legislature in each state should stipulate the time manner and places of holding elections for senators and representatives. Iraq has a unicameral legislature The president of the United Sates receives compensation, which may not be increased or decreased during their time in office; for being the president. Qualification for presidency in the United States include; a natural born citizen U. S. A, at least 35 years of age and have resided in the states for 14 years. The representatives must be of an age of 25 or above, and citizens of the land for a minimum of 7 years and an inhabitant of the state they are elected. The senators must be 30years and have been citizens of that states for 9 years and must be inhabitants of the state at the time. The amendments as provided by the constitution of the United States may be approved in the following ways: by special convention from congress, ratified by two-thirds of both houses and sent for approval to the states, or by Two-thirds of the state legislatures applying to Congress for a constitutional caucus to consider amendments, which are then sent for approval to the states. Any amendments to the Iraqi constitution would have to be approved by a similar referendum to the one that had approved it originally. Vacancies are to be filled by writs of election issued by the executive authority whenever vacancies happen from the representation of any state (Section 2, Clause 4,). Madison provides it is of great importance not only to guard one part of the society against injustice but also to guard the other side of society against oppression from its rulers (1788). Thanksgiving has become a huge traditional American holiday, then there`s independence day which celebrates the declaration of independence which are all national holidays and enacted in the constitution. Both the Iraq and the United States constitutions seek to serve their people who have different demographics. Each of the constitutions has the interests of the people at heart focusing on the different lifestyles and cultures of two different people. After analyzing both the constitutions and the research material which I have been through which some of the information is not included I find that both constitutions are very effective.

Algebra Tiles and the FOIL Method Essay examples -- Mathematics Educat

Algebra Tiles and the FOIL Method Algebra is one of the most critical classes a mathematics student takes. In this crucial course, the student must make the jump from concrete numbers and operations to variables and uncertainty. Unfortunately, this area of mathematics is where most students lose interest in mathematics because the concepts become too abstract. The abstractness frightens students and this fear is where the typical â€Å"I hate math† attitude comes from. Educators need to be aware of this problem and accept that the traditional methods of teaching mathematics, specifically algebra, are too focused on intangible concepts. These concepts need to be introduced to students in a more approachable manner, such as concrete representations. One such concrete representation, algebra tiles, is an excellent way to introduce the concept of multiplying monomials and binomials. The multiplication of monomials and binomials is an essential ability for students to master in order to continue mathematics. Many s tudents are intimidated by the concept of multiplying these vague terms with variables. In essence, the traditional method of teaching the multiplication of monomials and binomials, the FOIL method, is too theoretical for students to comprehend. A new approach must be used, and algebra tiles are one of the best new ways to approach this topic. To start, the traditional FOIL method needs to be studied. The Math Help tutoring website explains the FOIL method as the process of â€Å"multiplying the terms in parentheses to get the quadratic form.† FOIL is an abbreviation for the order a student follows when multiplying. â€Å"FOIL, of course, means: First, Outside, Inside, Last – the order of multiplication to expand the dou... ...iplying monomials and binomials. However, if one method must be selected, algebra tiles are the best way to address the needs of today’s mathematics students. Works Cited Leitze, Annette Ricks, and Nancy A. Kitt. â€Å"Using Homemade Algebra Tiles to Develop Algebra and Prealgebra Concepts.† Mathematics Teacher. 93.6 (2000) : 462-466. Otken, Phil. â€Å"The Foil Method.† Technical Tutoring, 2004. 24 November 2004. http://www.hyperad.com/tutoring/math/algebra/The%20FOIL%20method.html. Stein, Mary Kay, Margaret Schwan Smith, Marjorie A. Henningsen, and Edward A. Silver. Implementing Standards-Based Mathematics Instruction. Columbia University: Teachers College Press, 2000. Wilcox, Ted. â€Å"Using the Foil Method.† Free Math Help, 2004. 24 November 2004. http://www.freemathhelp.com/using-foil.html.

All Summer in a Day Essay

All Summer in a Day Essay In the shorty story, All Summer in a Day, by Ray Bradbury, the author expresses a tone of enthusiasm and excitement. On the planet Venus, the sun only comes out once every seven years, and when it does, it only stays out for about two hours. Margot is a 9 year old girl who was only two years old the last time her eyes met the luminous sunlight. She has dreamt about this day ever since she made that contact, and today is finally the day that she gets to feel that warm sun beaming down on her again.Because she was so caught up in her own little creative world, dreaming about this day, Margot typically shut the rest of the world out, which included her fellow class mates. Margot’s class mates don’t like her so they pick on her, and bully her every single day, all due to Margot not wanting to play games and sing songs with them unless they have something to do with the sun coming out. As a result of their hatred for her, the students decided to loc k Margot in the closet when the teacher decides leave the room for a few minutes to prevent her from seeing the sun come out.All of the children surround the window as they know that something magnificent is about to occur. The typical rainy weather finally comes to a stop and everything becomes absolutely silent. So silent that they can hear each others presence. They can’t even hear Margot ‘s pounding on the walls of the closet doors begging to be released. As the sun at last creeps through the mist of the ugly rain clouds in the sky, the children are filled with joy and playfulness. Just then, the teacher comes back into the room and shouts â€Å"Who wants to play! All of the children race outside to play in the glorious sunlight and let the fire burn their craving bodies. Page 8 describes the terrain and environment of plant Venus at this very moment, â€Å"They stopped running and stood in the great jungle that covered Venus, that grew and never stopped growing, tumultuously, even as you watched it. It was a nest of octopi, clustering up great arms of flesh-like weed, wavering, flowering this brief spring. It was the color of rubber and ash, this jungle, from the many years without sun. It was the color of stones and white cheeses and ink, and it was the color of the moon. One girl suddenly screamed out of no where as she opened her palms to a terrifying drop of rain. This marked the childrens’ last thirty seconds of their brief, glorious spring time. When the children finally got shoved back inside in class room by the adrenaline rush of the thunderous lightening from the hideous gray sky, they remembered that Margot was still locked locked in the closet and began to feel bad as they slowly creeped open the doors to let her out. Margot had missed the chance to make her wildest dreams come true.

What Is Astronomy and Who Does It

Astronomy is the scientific study of all objects in space. The word comes to us from the ancient Greek term for star law. Astrophysics, which is part of astronomy, goes a step further and applies the  laws of physics  to help us understand the origins of the universe and the objects in it. Both professional and amateur astronomers observe the universe and devise theories and applications to help understand the planets, stars, and galaxies.   Branches of Astronomy There are two main branches of astronomy: optical astronomy (the study of celestial objects in the visible band) and non-optical astronomy (the use of instruments to study objects in the radio through gamma-ray wavelengths). Non-optical is sorted into wavelength ranges, such as infrared astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, radio astronomy, and so on.   Optical observatories operate both on the ground and in space (such as the Hubble Space Telescope).  Some, like HST, also have instruments sensitive to other wavelengths of light. However, there are also observatories dedicated to specific wavelength ranges, such as radio astronomy arrays. These instruments allow astronomers to create a picture of our universe that spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from low-energy radio signals,o ultra high-energy gamma rays. They give information about the evolution and physics of some of the most dynamic objects and processes in the universe, such as neutron stars,  black holes, gamma-ray bursts, and supernova explosions. These branches of astronomy work together to teach about the structure of the stars, planets, and galaxies.   Subfields of Astronomy There are so many types of objects that astronomers study, that it is convenient to break astronomy up into subfields of study. One area is called planetary astronomy, and researchers in this subfield focus their studies on planets, both within and outside our solar system, as well as objects like asteroids and comets.Solar astronomy is the study of the Sun. The scientists who are interested in learning how it changes, and to understand how these changes affect the Earth, are called solar physicists. They use both ground-based and space-based instruments to make nonstop studies of our star.  Stellar astronomy is the study of stars, including their creation, evolution, and deaths. Astronomers observe these objects across all wavelengths and apply the information to create physical models of the stars.Galactic astronomy focuses on the objects and processes at work in the Milky Way Galaxy. Its a very complex system of stars, nebulae, and dust. Astronomers study the motion and evolution of the Milky Way in order to learn how galaxies are formed.Beyond our galaxy lie countless others, and these are the focus of the discipline of extragalactic astronomy. Researchers study how galaxies move, form, break apart, merge, and change over time.  Cosmology  is the study of the origin, evolution, and structure of the universe in order to understand it. Cosmologists typically focus on the big picture and attempt to model what the universe would have looked like only moments after the Big Bang. Meet a Few Pioneers of Astronomy Over the centuries there have been countless innovators in astronomy, people who contributed to the development and advancement of the science. Today there are more than 11,000 trained astronomers in the world dedicated to the study of the cosmos. The most famous historical astronomers are those who made major discoveries that improved and expanded the science.   Nicolaus Copernicus  (1473 - 1543), was a Polish physician and lawyer by trade. His fascination with numbers and the study of the motions of celestial objects made him the so-called father of the current heliocentric model of the solar system. Tycho Brahe  (1546 - 1601) was a Danish nobleman who designed and built instruments to study the sky. These were not telescopes, but calculator-type machines that allowed him to chart the positions of planets and other celestial objects with such great precision. He hired  Johannes Kepler  (1571 - 1630), who started out as his student. Kepler continued Brahes work, and also made many discoveries of his own. He is credited with developing the  three laws of planetary motion. Galileo Galilei  (1564 - 1642) was the first to use a telescope to study the sky. He is sometimes credited (incorrectly) with being the creator of the telescope.  That honor probably belongs to Dutch optician Hans Lippershey.  Galileo made detailed studies of heavenly bodies. He was the first to conclude that the Moon was likely similar in composition to planet Earth and that the Sun’s surface changed (i.e., the motion of sunspots on the Sun’s surface). He was also the first to see four of Jupiter’s moons, and the phases of Venus. Ultimately it was his observations of the Milky Way, specifically the detection of countless stars, that shook the scientific community. Isaac Newton  (1642 - 1727) is considered one of the greatest scientific minds of all time. He not only deduced the law of gravity but realized the need for a new type of mathematics (calculus) to describe it. His discoveries and theories dictated the direction of science for more than 200 years  and truly ushered in the era of modern astronomy. Albert Einstein  (1879 - 1955), famous for his development of  general relativity, a correction to Newton’s  law of gravity. But, his relation of energy to mass (EMC2) is also important to astronomy, as it is the basis for which we understand how the Sun, and other stars, fuse hydrogen into helium to create energy. Edwin Hubble  (1889 - 1953) is the man who discovered the expanding universe. Hubble answered two of the biggest questions plaguing astronomers at the time. He determined that so-called spiral nebulae were, in fact, other galaxies, proving that the Universe extends well beyond our own galaxy. Hubble then followed up that discovery by showing that these other galaxies were receding at speeds proportional to their distances away from us. The Stephen Hawking  (1942 - 2018), one of the great modern scientists. Very few people have contributed more to the advancement of their fields than Stephen Hawking. His work significantly increased our  knowledge of black holes  and other exotic celestial objects. Also, and perhaps more importantly, Hawking made significant strides in advancing our understanding of the universe and its creation. Updated and edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.